[Skip to Navigation]

About monetary policy

This section provides a variety of articles and papers that explain how the Reserve Bank uses monetary policy to maintain price stability.

Introduction to monetary policy

Explaining Monetary Policy (PDF 415KB)
This brochure explains what monetary policy is, and how the Reserve Bank implements it.
July 2007

What is inflation?
A fact sheet explaining what inflation and deflation are in the context of New Zealand.
December 2006

What is the Official Cash Rate?
A fact sheet outlining the instrument that the Reserve Bank uses to implement monetary policy.
December 2006

What is the Policy Targets Agreement?
This page explains the contract negotiated between the Reserve Bank and the Minister of Finance that defines price stability.
September 2012

Monetary policy and the New Zealand system: an historical perspective (PDF 1.2MB) by Neil P. Quigley, G92/1
A discussion paper from 1992 provides some analysis of the various monetary and regulatory regimes used in New Zealand since the 19th century.
1992

Implementing monetary policy

For an analysis of interest rate margins.(PDF 162KB)

Monetary policy accountability and monitoring
This document explains the way in which the Reserve Bank is monitored and held to account for its conduct of monetary policy.  It focuses, in particular, on the crucial role assigned to the Bank's Board in the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act.
October 2006, also available in PDF (92KB)

Proposed instrument change
A discussion document released in March 1997 proposing a change in the instrument used to implement monetary policy, from targeting settlement cash balances to targeting the overnight interbank interest rate (the cash rate).
March 1997

Review of submissions and decision
A discussion document released in June 1997 isolating the key issues addressed in examining the proposal to change instruments and explaining the reasons for the resulting decision.
June 1997

Changes to operating procedures (PDF 32KB)
This Bulletin article reproduces the document released on the 8th February 1999, in which the Bank announced its intention to adopt an official cash rate as its primary instrument for implementing monetary policy.
Reserve Bank Bulletin Vol. 62 No. 1

A cash rate system for implementing monetary policy (PDF 222KB)
This Bulletin article explains in greater depth a number of considerations relevant to the decision announced on the 8th February 1999 to adopt an Official Cash Rate as the Bank’s primary instrument for implementing monetary policy.
Reserve Bank Bulletin Vol. 62 No. 1

Independent Review of the Operation of Monetary Policy
In May 2000, the Government initiated a review of New Zealand's monetary policy framework. Professor Lars Svensson of Stockholm University was appointed to conduct the review and to report by the end of February 2001. This section provides a number of documents related to the review, including Professor Svensson’s report.
February 2001

Finance and Expenditure Select Committee Inquiry into the Future Monetary Policy Framework

The Reserve Bank released its submission to the Finance and Expenditure Committee’s Inquiry into the Future Monetary Policy Framework.
27 July 2007

Reserve Bank Board of Directors’ Submission on Future Monetary Policy Framework

The Reserve Bank Board of Directors have made a separate submission (PDF 46KB) to the Finance and Expenditure Committee’s Inquiry into the Future Monetary Policy Framework.
30 July 2007

Reserve Bank submission to the Commerce Committee on the inquiry into housing affordability in New Zealand

This submission is in three sections. The first section begins by looking at trends in housing affordability. The second section of the submission looks at the drivers of house prices. The third section of the submission looks at whether there are any areas that might warrant policy attention from government. The submission includes background material and some policy suggestions which, it is hoped, will be of help to the committee.
June 2007

Supplementary Stabilisation Instruments (SSI)

A Mortgage Interest Levy, a detailed option
A report prepared by the Reserve Bank and Treasury, and provided to the Minister of Finance, outlining in greater detail the option of a Mortgage Interest levy as a supplementary tool to assist monetary policy, was released on 23 February 2007. The report is also available as a PDF (110KB). Also released was the accompanying letter to the Minister of Finance.
February 2007

Supplementary Stabilisation Instruments (SSI) report released
On 6 April 2006 the Reserve Bank and the Treasury released a joint report (PDF 276KB) on possible additional tools to supplement the role of interest rates in managing demand pressures and inflation. Also released was a letter to the Minister of Finance, providing a summary of the report and recommendations.
April 2006

Terms of Reference to investigate supplementary instruments
A terms of reference was released on 10 November 2005 for a joint Reserve Bank/Treasury project to investigate supplementary instruments that could be used to complement monetary policy in the task of containing inflation pressures.
November 2005